About tube loading

In my experience any tube sounds best when:

So we have to take care the tubes has very solid bias en is loaded with a very high ac load. High load means that there is a lot of voltage swing, but almost no current swing (ie Ia=Va/Rload). This result in very lineair undistorted sound.

Tubes can be loaded in different ways:

The combination of tubes and transistors in one stage is used very rarely, while they make really good amps when used properly. Each part must be used where it is best. A tube is a very good voltage amplifier, a transistor makes a very good current source. Combining these two really gives very nice results. Measuring with spectrum analyser shows very little harmonics. A square wave keeps very square over the whole audio range. CCS can be used in many places, like as loading on tubes, but also as load in for example parafeed, to replace the upper choke. Also they can be used in the tail of LTP phase splitters, resulting in very good symmetrical and simple splitters.

One last note: When using CCS (but also resistor or choke loading) in a driver stage, it is very important to choose the right tubes. A lot of amplification is needed, but also driving current (driving te input capacitance of the power tube) and low output impedance. Mu-stage or SRPP can be used, but this is mostly to correct tube weakness. It is needed when standard tubes like the ECC83, 6SL7, Ba, 6SN7, WE310A, etc tubes are used. All have low gm, meaning low driving power and high output impedance. There are a lot of tubes much more capable for driving, combining high amplification, high current and low output impedance. Examples are 5842 or WE437A, EC8010 or EC8020, but also much cheaper tubes like EC91, E180F, D3a, E810F in triode, EC86, PC900, 6C45pi, etc. All these tubes are very lineair and are great drivers and can be used directly with only one stage on the power tube.


İM. de Vries/MachMat 2004. For comments or questions please mail.